Abraham Lincoln Essay - 1349 Words

Four score and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth upon this continent a new nation: conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. (Lincoln) Abraham Lincoln was a true American hero. He brought this country through a time of succession and rebellion, through his thoughtful planning, tyranny like leadership, and amiable individuality. He, with a half a nation of armed forces, liberated the slaves and united a nation. Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, in a log cabin on a farm in Hardin county, Kentucky. He was the son of Thomas and Nancy Hanks Lincoln, and was named after his grandfather (Lincoln). Thomas Lincoln was a carpenter and farmer. Both of Abrahams parents†¦show more content†¦Hamlins. I am a little girl only 11 years old, but want you should be President of the United States very much so I hope you wont think me very bold to write to such a great man as you are. Have you any little girls about as large as I am if so give them my love and tell her to write to me if you cannot answer this letter. (Bedell, letter to Lincoln) This letter made him grow out his beard, which she said that his face was to skinny. He found this to be the look for him and he kept it Intel his assassination. Before Mr. Lincoln and his wife could get to the white house a first wave of secession occurred. On December 20, 1860 and in tell February 1, 1861 the following states seceded, South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. They seceded because they said that they feared the kind of government that Abraham Lincoln and the republican party would bring. Then following the inauguration of Lincoln, the second wave began on April 17 with the secession of Virginia. This wave was continued by Arkansas, Tennessee and North Carolina. Abraham hated the secession, a month into it he had a group called the Zouies lead by his friend Elmer Ellsworth march into Alexandria were he could see a flying confederate flag from a high tower. The Zouies took the flag down that Lincoln hated however his friend Elmer wa s killed in this process. As a hero Abraham Lincoln took toShow MoreRelatedWheres Abraham Lincoln in Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter?542 Words   |  2 Pagesnovels Pride and Prejudge and Zombies and Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter. Grahame-Smith has collaborated on two film adaptations, Dark Shadows, and his own novel, Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter. Seth Grahame-Smith and his wife, Erin, live in California with their two children Jacob and Joshua. Currently Grahame-Smith’s novel Pride and Prejudice and Zombies is being adapted for film, and Smith is said to be writing a sequel/ spin off of Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter, staring Henry Struges. BothRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln1521 Words   |  7 PagesAbraham Lincoln was the 16th President of the United States, serving from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War—its bloodiest war and its greatest moral, constitutional, and political crisis. In doing so, he preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal government, and modernized the economy. Born in Hodgenville, Kentucky, Lincoln grew up on the western frontier in Kentucky and Indiana. Largely self-educated, he becameRead MoreThe Assassination Of Abraham Lincoln861 Words   |  4 PagesAppomattox Courthouse, one of America s greatest presidents, Abraham Lincoln, was shot and killed by a man named John Wilkes Booth. Specifically, John Wilkes Booth was an American play actor and a big sympathiser for the Confederacy. Booth was well known for his hatred towards the President and his crazy ideas and motives, which lead to the killing of Lincoln. Many conspiracies and theories today believed the assassination of Abraham Lincoln was handled by John Wilkes alone, but other conspiracies believedRead MoreEssay Abraham Lincoln1426 Words   |  6 Pages As the 16th president, Abraham Lincoln was known to be the greatest American President. He guided his country through one of the most catastrophic experiences in its history, the Civil War. He was a very unique president, being the first president to have a beard, being the tallest president standing at 6’4 and also being the first to be assassinated. Abe Lincoln accomplished many things in the 4 year term he had served before being assassinated. With his intelligence and hard work, he madeRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln928 Words   |  4 PagesP. Thomas, Abraham Lincoln: A Biography (Southern Illinois University Press, 2008). †¢ David Herbert Donald, We Are Lincoln Men: Abraham Lincoln and His Friends (Simon Schuster, 2004). †¢ Roy Morris Jr., The Long Pursuit: Abraham Lincoln’s Thirty-Year Struggle with Stephen Douglas for the Heart and Soul of America (Bison Books, 2010). 5. Similar Articles: †¢ Mary Frances Berry, â€Å"Lincoln and Civil Rights for Blacks,† Volume 2, Issue 1, 1980, pp. 46-57 (Journal of The Abraham Lincoln Association)Read MoreThe Life Of Abraham Lincoln754 Words   |  4 PagesValenzuela 1 Issac Valenzuela Mrs. Barr 7th Grade Literature May 24, 2016 The Life of Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln was born and raised in a log cabin. He was born on February 12, 1809. His mother was a great Christian. She often told them stories from the Bible. One day, Lincoln’s mother died of poisoned milk when he was only nine. Abraham Lincoln was one of the tallest presidents in our history. He was six feet, four inches tall. When he was elected president, he started theRead MoreThe War Of Abraham Lincoln906 Words   |  4 Pageselection of Abraham Lincoln. South Caroline issued the â€Å" Declaration of the Causes of Secession† because they believed Lincoln was anti-slaver (Bartels). However during the most consequential period in American history, on November 1860 Abraham Lincoln was elected as the sixteenth president of the United States and the first Republican President. As the commander in chief the union army, Lincoln needed to bring an end to the war and reunite the nation. On November 19, 1863 Abraham Lincoln gave one ofRead More Abraham L incoln Essay706 Words   |  3 Pages Abraham Lincoln was the 16th president of the U.S (1861-1865) who brought the Union to victory in the Civil War. Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809 in Kentucky. His father was Thomas Lincoln and his mother was Nancy Hanks, both were pioneer farmers. When Abraham Lincoln was two they moved to nearby Knob Creek, Indiana. The following year his mother died. In 1819 Abraham Lincoln’s father married Sarah Bush Johnston, a kind widow who gained Abraham Lincoln’s friendship. Abraham Lincoln grew upRead MoreThe Assassination Of Abraham Lincoln1064 Words   |  5 PagesColin Shafer Abraham Lincoln’s Assassination President Abraham Lincoln was the first United States president ever to be assassinated while in office. He was president during the Civil War and had many people that did not like him. John Wilkes Booth did not like Abraham Lincoln and was responsible for the President’s death. Abraham Lincoln was born in Harden County, Kentucky on February 12, 1809. His parents were Thomas and Nancy Hanks Lincoln. In 1818, his mother died while he was just nine yearsRead More Abraham Lincoln Essay576 Words   |  3 Pages Abraham Lincoln, from the backwoods of Hodgenville Kentucky, rose to become one of the greatest presidents of the United States. During his attempt to keep the Union in the Civil War, he gained more power and authority than any president before him. A excellent politician, Lincoln was always looked upon for leadership for he put reason and thoughtful decisions behind his word.Abraham Lincoln, born to Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hawks on February 12, 1809, was conceived in a log cabin built by his father

Treatment For Middle Aged African American Women With...

Olivia K. Gunter INT 430 Professor Heidbrink National-Louis University TOPIC: Treatment for middle-aged African-American women with bipolar disorder What is it? Bipolar disorder is a mental illness characterized by drastic mood swings ranging from immense euphoria to extreme depression. People with bipolar disorder are likely to experience a lack of energy, participation in normal social activities, and the ability to complete daily routines. This can cause interpersonal relationships and work-life to suffer. They may also have strong thoughts of death or suicide, or suicide as a result of bipolar disorder. The cause of bipolar disorder is still undetermined, but its tendency to run in families shows that it is likely due to an inherited genetic malfunction. Why is it important? Where? Millions of men, women, and children are diagnosed with bipolar disorder each year in America. Women of all ethnicities are found to have a greater chance of experiencing symptoms of depression then men. And it is more likely to develop in Caucasian-Americans, but more likely reach severity in African-Americans. After diagnosis, generally a combination of mood stabilizing medication and psychotherapy are prescribed to counter the chronic symptoms. Many people with bipolar disorder do not receive the proper diagnosis or treatment after diagnosis. Without treatment the disorder is likely to worsen, causing severely depressive episodes or death. More than half of African-AmericansShow MoreRelatedAbnormal Psychology Chapter Mood Disorders5762 Words   |  24 PagesChapter 7--Mood Disorders and Suicide Key 1. Prior to the DSM-IIIR, conditions that are currently characterized as mood disorders were referred to by several different names, including all of the following EXCEPT: A. B. C. D. 2. depressive disorders affective disorders psychotic episodes depressive neuroses One of the symptoms of a mood disorder is called anhedonia, which means: A. a feeling of worthlessness B. an altered pattern of sleep C. indecisiveness D. an inability to experience pleasure Read MoreThe Effects Of Counseling On Suicide And Depression3763 Words   |  16 Pagesdepression and suicide rates. Even though antidepressant medications are both effective and convenient, there is a huge demand for patients who seek psychological treatment. Anxiety and depression are responsible for over 90% of mental disorders (Badar, et al). Supportive and problem solving counseling are both an effective treatment for depression in primary care. Supportive counseling or psychotherapy is used to assist the progress of optimal adjustment for situations of ongoing stress, suchRead MorePsy Evaluation Essay11057 Words   |  45 PagesAccording to the DSM-5 what term or terms replace(s) the word dependence? A. a personal choice B.. a bad habit C. a brain disease D. addiction. ANS:D PG4 4. Which of the following are NOT typical symptoms defined by the DSM-5 to diagnose substance use disorder: A. tolerance B.unsuccessful attempts to control or reduce consumption C. nervous facial tics D. withdrawal problems ANS:C PG4 5. In the boxed reading, â€Å"Social Work Major Working in a Casino,† the author describes A. her gambling addiction problemsRead MoreEating Disorders and Free Essays8687 Words   |  35 Pagesï » ¿2 = 2 dfhnmxpd h Free Essays Home | Search Essays | FAQ | Guarantees | Privacy | Lost Essay? | Contact Search Results eating disorder Free Essays Unrated Essays Better Essays Stronger Essays Powerful Essays Term Papers Research Papers Search by keyword: Sort By: Your search returned over 400 essays for eating disorder. To narrow your search results, please add more search terms to your query. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [Next ] These results are sorted by most relevantRead MoreThe Effects Of Suicide On Our Society3736 Words   |  15 Pagesphysical harm. Suicidal ideation is an individual having ideas and considering or planning to end his or her life. Suicide is usually carried out as a result of ultimate despair due to certain mental disorders such as severe depression, schizophrenia, borderline and bipolar personality disorders, alcoholism and or drug abuse. High stress levels and anxiety due to financial difficulties and personal relationships can also be contributing factors of suicide. According to The National InstituteRead MoreCRM 1301 Midterm uOttawa Carolyn Gordon Essay10218 Words   |  41 Pagesthe old religion and were leaders, counsellors, visionaries and healers (a.k.a. wise women). The Christian Church and state branded them witches and condemned them as worshippers of the Devil. Idea of witches date back to the Renaissance and the period in history known as the witch craze. Taught to fear the witches but still drawn to their powers (Conical=knowledge, cauldron=origins of life + magical power of women). The word witchcraft has been used to dismiss cultural traditions around the worldRead MoreEssay about Alcoholism and Drug Addiction17765 Words   |  72 Pagesgenerally used to mean compulsive and uncontrolled consumption of alcoholic beverages, usually to the detriment of the drinkers health, personal relationships, and social standing. It is medically considered a disease, specifically a neurological disorder, and in medicine several other terms are used, specifically alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence which have more specific definitions. In 1979 an expert World Health Organisation committee discouraged the use of alcoholism in medicine, preferringRead MoreNeophyte Essay11176 Words   |  45 PagesTHE BODY, MIND, RELATIONSHIPS AND THE ENVIRONMENT PART II GOVERNMENT, ORGANIZED CRIME AND THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES CRYSTAL METH AND ILLEGAL DRUG STRATEGIES IN CANADA FIRST NATIONS AND CRYTAL METH TREATMENT STRATEGIES PART III TALA TOOTOOSIS’ STORY CRYSTAL METH ON THE NAVAJO NATION CONCLUSIONS APPENDIX A 1INTRODUCTION Crystal methamphetamine 1 use among people in some First Nations communities (bothRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. 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Leadership and Communication Management Free Essays

Leadership and Communication Management We all know how the computer system works: Without the talented operator or appropriate software, even if it is equipped with the most advanced hardware, the computer itself will not achieve any results. If we compare the computer system as Enterprise, leadership is the operator and communication management is one of the most efficient software. When these two important elements combine in a cohesive manner, the Enterprise should expect the best performance. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership and Communication Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now R Inc. is a leading third party logistics company. It offers freight transportation logistics, outsource solutions, produce sourcing, and information services among many other services. As an employee with five years of service, I feel fortune enough to work for a company with 100 years of history that continually shows strong growth. As a non-assets company, a majority of the business is executed through communication, and it exists in every aspect of R culture. Any individual within the company will spend a majority of their day communicating with customers, vendors, carriers, and co-workers, so Communication management definitely plays a critical role within R company. In R, branches are small independent organizations under the corporate enterprise, and each branch has its own communication system. Within the different leaderships, the style of communication varies. With my experience of having had three different branch managers in five years, I realize that leadership plays a critical role with communication management for the whole enterprise, and I would like to explore it more with my findings. Firstly, whether or not the leadership uses communication management to link employees to the company strategy could make a huge difference with the future of the enterprise. A majority of the employees will enjoy making achievements and receiving recognitions from their hard work. As a leader, if you do not show employees the company’s vision, explain the contexts, and share the strategy, it will not be easy for employees to be self-motivated and to opt into the company’s strategy. They could get lost in the routine and sometimes mundane nature of their work and not put forth their best efforts. How many times have you heard people say: â€Å"I just do the work and go home? † If you are the leader, don’t you want to make a difference for both the company and people you serve so that each is getting the best out of the ther? I can honestly say that I was one of those who got lost after working for 3 years without any managed communication from leadership. One day, I woke up and decided I needed to make a change. I wanted to learn something new, and I knew I didn’t feel fulfilled with the same old. I chose to switch to a new branch. The new manager managed well the communication and linked my career path with the company strategy. I know I trust this leader as much as he trusts me, and I do perform better with a vision. I found management does exist in the enterprise; it isn’t a legend found only in textbooks. This Manager introduced S. M. A. R. T goals to create the link between company goals and the employees. â€Å"S. M. A. R. T† means specific, measureable, attainable, relevant and time-bound. With the smart goal, employees could work toward their own goal which is also linked to company strategy. We confidently know that we will be rewarded through hard work with job satisfaction, bonuses, raises, improved benefits, higher positions, and employee recognition. We also know that we will have all the support needed to get there. What’s the difference? Employees are linked to the company strategy sharing the mutual dream. Who makes the difference? The Leadership! How can they make the difference? Use the proper communication management. Secondly, communication management from leadership can influence employees on how they make their decisions which will affect the business. Employees would judge and select the most important information from leadership to make their decisions, and these decisions could affect the business in direct or indirect ways later. With poor communication management, leaders could deliver improper information which will impact negatively on employee decisions. Undoubtedly, as a return, the decision could negatively affect the business. To connect employee’s decision tightly toward company’s strategy, it requires leadership to manage the communication system in the right manner. Here is one negative example that could prove my point: In my old branch, information wasn’t shared well on a regular basis. Sometimes, we were given two or three conflicting instructions from different team leads on the same task. Because the communication from leadership wasn’t well managed, we would decide individually on what we thought we were told to do or what we thought that was the easiest and best way to do. Will our decisions fit the company’s strategy or benefit the best? We did not know, we were not empowered with the vision, and we could not tell whether the decision we just made was right for the company. If leadership had managed the communication, employees could have followed the vision and made the proper decision for the company. When all of these employees’ decisions are added together, it will decide the future of the company. With or without communication management from leadership to help those decisions be determined will make a big difference in the company’s future. Thirdly, Leadership has the greatest influence inside the company, and with well managed communication, it would deliver the best results for the company. I learned the sentence â€Å"Monkey does as Monkey sees† from our 6 year old daughter. People all have the strong capability of imitation and it is very easy to follow the trend. Inside Enterprise, employees look up to the leadership, and any action from the leadership is actually a communication to employees. How does the leader use their time? How does the leader reward the employee? All of their actions will be followed closely by employees. You will feel like going to work early when you see your leader go to office at 7am every morning and work in the action area; but you won’t feel like going at all if your leader comes to office no earlier than 9:30 am and always being surrounded by his/her favorite subordinate in the locked office? You would like to make your best efforts at work when you know your leader always rewards the hard workers, but you might not feel like contributing when the reward only belongs to the ones who would surround him/ her in the locked office. I have experience with both kinds of leaders. Their style of the communication management affected business loudly in different directions. As leadership, you have to put forth efforts to manage the communication, because leadership will influence employees through their communications. To impact an employee in good or bad way, depends on how the leadership designs the communication management. Admittedly, some branches in R do not have the best designed communication management so far, some leaders have started adopting this software for their own use to optimize the system and management. Also, at the corporate level, R has a well-designed company structure to ensure the success of the business; it has built solid policies, procedures, and created a great working environment, and it ensures the platform for communication management ready for all branches. I believe that communication management will be very well established at R through leadership efforts soon, and with its steady growth, it should continue to be one of their building blocks for success. How to cite Leadership and Communication Management, Papers

Panofskys Views On Van Eyck Essay Example For Students

Panofskys Views On Van Eyck Essay Panofskys purpose in writing this article was to identify a painting discovered in Brussels in 1815 (referred to as the London portrait) as the portrait of Geovanni Arnolfimi and his wife Jeanne de Cename, painted in 1434. Panofsky uses historical documentation and iconography to prove his point. Because a paintings value can be enhanced by its historical significance, it is important to discover its background. Identifying a painting from several centuries ago is not easy. Because there is no photocopy available, we must depend on physical descriptions provided by others for recognition. Only paintings possessed by rich or historically significant people would be described in inventories or letters saved over hundreds of years. Wars often brought destruction and chaos, destroying historical documentation. Panofsky traces the provenance of this picture to provide a logical argument that the London portrait could be the Arnolfimi painting. He carefully documents the historical journey of the Arnolfimi painting, providing a continuous list of ownership from Don Diego de Guevara of Spain in the 1500s to Charles III in 1789. This careful documentation is to prove that the Amolfimi painting was still listed as being in Madrid in 1789. The timing of its disappearance and the subsequent discovery of the London portrait in Brussels in 1815 could easily be attributed to the chaos caused by Napoleons conquering of Spain during the lost time period. Since written documentation is often used as proof of historical happenings, it is very important that the content be interpreted correctly, within its historical context. Because a language translation can easily twist the contents meaning, scholars usually provide a quote in the language of its origin. In Panofskys era, most research scholars were f luent in German, French, and Latin. Today fluency in English is also essential. Because the Art History discipline addresses a wide variety of objects from all over the world, and from all known times, misinterpretations caused by language translation can be a critical problem. As a student of Art History, I am depending on the authors interpretation of the quotes documentation. I dont have to understand the non-English text because the foreign quotes are explained in the context of the article. Foreign quotes are provided as just additional proof to the arguments presented by the author. Artists frequently use symbols to present an idea or concept to the audience. An icon is an image whose association with a particular meaning is wide accepted. This symbol can convey emotions associated with its meaning, to have symbolized a particular meaning. Iconography provides a description of icons used throughout history. Iconology, the study of iconography, can provide us with a better understanding of an art object by providing its historical context. Panofsky points out that the writings of Varnewyck and Vermander are unreliable. Vermander was trying to describe a painting he had never seen, depending on Varnewycks written accounts as his only source. Panofsky points out that Vermander not only had just hearsay evidence, but also twisted the meaning of those written accounts in his attempt to interpret them. Actually the first error Vermander committed was using Varnewyck as a source to begin with. Varnewyck had also never seen the picture, and had used an unknown source fo r his writing. Establishing a source as reliable and supported by other evidence is very important for an art historian. Before the Council of Trent was held in 1583, the rule regarding matrimony dictated only that two people accept each other to form a legal marriage. The Council of Trent added the stulation that 2 witnesses and a priest were also required. This distinction is important because the Van Eyck painting represented a marriage, and only two people are in it. Because the marriage occurred before 1583, this was allowable. .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d , .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d .postImageUrl , .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d , .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d:hover , .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d:visited , .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d:active { border:0!important; } .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d:active , .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Tim O'Brien's The Things They Carried: The Man Underneath the Helmet EssayPanofsky uses the anecdote about Willibald Pirckheimers mother to support his argument an undocumented wedding could lead to misunderstanding and problems. He talks about how Willibald Pirckheimers mother was secretly married to Sigmund Stromer, but was able to abandon him for another man because the marriage or joining of hands had been done in secret. 1 Pirckheimer, a wealthy citizen of Nuremberg, was a German humanist and book collector. He often made his library available to scholars and his house a literary and artistic center. It was Pirckheimers great collection that fascinated Panofsky and he was able to study about Pirckheimers life. The London portrait has the inscription Johannes de Eyck fuit hic. 1434 which is Latin for Jon van Eyck has been here. This inscription had been misinterpreted as This was Jan van Eyck, meaning that the portrait contained the figures of Van Eyck and his wife. Since Van Eycks child was baptized in June, 1434, he was probably married in 1433 at the latest. Also this inscription is used to make this painting an actual marriage document, with the artist as the signing witness. Capturing two people standing side by side, portrayed full length in a richly furnished room was not commonly done by 15th century artists. The allusion to Holbeins Ambassadors was to compare the content of it to Van Eycks painting. The marriage of David and Michal also shows two people standing side by side, but had the brides father and his courtier in it as well. All of the scenes represent a ceremony-taking place without a priest, and signified by the joining of hands. The author uses these allusions to show that two people standing next to each other, joining hands was a common icon representing a marriage ceremony. Some symbols have been designed to represent a particular ritual or object. For instance, a crown represents royalty, and can be used to convey the same attributes. Van Eyck used commonly found object such as furnishings and room ornaments as symbols. In this painting he uses these symbols to reinforce the matrimonial theme. The single candle in the chandelier is used as a symbol of the marriage candle given to the bride by the groom. The scene-taking place in a bedroom instead of a sitting room suggests a Nuptial Chamber. This work is important historically because it tells us so much about the people and rituals of its time. Also Van Eyck presents us with an art object that symbolizes matrimonial fidelity and religious faith in a simple, but original way. His use of such materials as brass, velvet, wood and fur not only make the background more realistic, but also are used as symbols to reinforce the paintings theme. Panofsky carefully examined and explained the validity of his sources, document events by tracing their chronological sequence, and used carefully constructed evidence to destroy his opponents (i.e., Vermander, Varnewyck etc.) arguments. Bibliography1. Found at www.encyclopedia.comArts and Painting

5 Content Writing Service Myths - Debunked!

5 Content Writing Service Myths Debunked! There are a lot of content marketing myths out there that need addressing. This article aims to debunk those myths and provide a little more clarity. If you’re considering using a content writing service to produce articles and other copy for your business, chances are you’ve come across certain content marketing myths.As we all know, the internet is a place where there’s no shortage of fake news and strong opinions! Great though it is that people have a platform to easily share their thoughts, it doesn’t take much for those strong opinions to morph sometimes unfairly into conventional wisdom.This article looks at five oft-heard content writing myths and tackles them head on. It’s especially relevant if you feel nervous about the work you may receive if you choose to hire a content writing service. In reality, plenty of companies of all types and sizes use such services to generate content they’re more than happy with.So, let’s look at each of the content marketing myths in turn. We’ll consider where they may have originated and why they could be wrong. MYTH 1: Content Service Writing Is Poor Quality Just because a company specializes in producing content in bulk, doesn’t mean that content is poor quality.In fact, professional content services usually work with their clients to help them define their exact standards and requirements. These can relate to the style or voice of the content, the inclusion of certain words and phrases for SEO purposes or adherence to company-specific style guides.As content service writers are well-used to working with such guidelines, they are typically very experienced in shaping their writing to each client’s varying requirements. Also, thanks to rating systems, the better writers consistently rise to the top. This allow clients to work with writers who’ve already proven their capabilities. MYTH 2: Content Service Writers Are Inexperienced It is true t o say that plenty of novice writers gain early experience writing for content writing services. However, stringent entry requirements mean that they still have to prove themselves before they’re let loose on client work.Of all the content marketing myths, this is one of the easiest to debunk. Not only do good content writing services vet their writers, but they also attract plenty of people who are far from â€Å"amateur-level.† For example, highly experienced writers often do work for content services to top off their income or fill gaps in their schedule. A â€Å"novice† writer could be someone with decades of professional experience who’s decided to make a career change.It’s definitely unwise to stereotype the kind of people who work for content writing services. They come from every imaginable background. MYTH 3: You Don’t Find Subject Specialists at Content Services The next of our content marketing myths leads on nicely from the one ab ove. Just as writers come from all walks of life, they also come from all kinds of professional backgrounds. And with such a large pool of potential writers, it’s far from unusual to find writers who specialize in your content area. They may even have years of experience in your niche.You will also generally find that such experts naturally find their way to you. The reality is that it’s easier and quicker for people to write about subjects they’re already familiar with. For instance, if a writer with online security experience has the option of grabbing an article on antivirus products or one on gardening, it’s pretty obvious which they’ll go for! MYTH 4: You Never Get the Same Writer This myth is particularly inaccurate, as most professional content writing services provide mechanisms to allow you to select favorite writers. In many cases you can send orders directly to them.Once you’ve found a writer who fits with your desired style and w orks well around your guidelines, you don’t even need to put your articles out to a pool of people. You can just work with a writer you know and trust. MYTH 5: Content Service Articles Aren’t Unique Plagiarism is taken very seriously across the writing industry. While some budget freelancers and sketchy services may try to get away with copying content, they get found out very quickly. No writer found guilty of plagiarism will last long on any platform.If in any doubt, you can always use an online plagiarism checker to be sure your content is completely unique. But, in reality, this is just another one of those content writing myths. The days when people thought they could get away with copied or poorly spun articles are long gone.Thank you to Ben Taylor for this contribution. Ben is the owner of HomeWorkingClub.com – an advice site for home workers and freelancers. He also mentors writers and bloggers at WriteBlogEarn.com

Definition of Armature - Art History Glossary

Definition of Armature - Art History Glossary (noun) - In art, an armature is an underlying, unseen, supporting component (usually of wood or metal) for something else. Armatures are useful in sculpture, lost-wax casting (to help make the initial model three-dimensional) and even stop-motion animation puppets. Think of the chicken wire frame upon which plaster or papier mache strips are affixed in a sculpture, to get a mental visual. An even more dramatic example, designed by Alexandre Gustave Eiffel, is the iron armature inside Frà ©dà ©ric Auguste Bartholdis Statue of Liberty. Pronunciation arm ·a ·chur Common Misspellings amature, armeture Examples When this armature has been fixed, the artificer begins to take some fine earth, beaten together with horse dung and hair, as I said, and carefully lays a very thin coating all over which he allows to dry, and so on time after time with other coatings, always allowing each to dry until the figure becomes covered with earth raised to the thickness of half a span at the most. - Vasari on Technique (1907 trans.); pp. 160-161.

Nesting Strategy of Active Directory for Riordan Manufacturing Essay

Nesting Strategy of Active Directory for Riordan Manufacturing - Essay Example Universal Groups - These are formed in the forest comprising of multiple trees (that is, multiple domains). The users assigned in universal groups can get privileges on any domain within the forest. Universal groups can also incorporate other universal groups and global groups within the same forest. Domain Local Groups - These are formed within the same domain in a tree. These can incorporate users from any domain within the forest (provided trust relationships are in place) and can also incorporate the other universal groups, global groups and local groups of the same domain. The difference between groups in organizational units (OUs) is that the groups comprises of users & groups while the OUs comprises of users and computers. The purpose of groups is to assign privileges to users pertaining to networked resources while the purpose of OUs is to use Group Policy Organization (GPO) to apply security & other configuration settings. All groups proposed herewith are security groups. The business framework of Riordan Manufacturing has two locations having corporate functions - Corporate HQ and China. The Corporate HQ has Finance, HR, Marketing and Corporate groups and China has Finance QA and corporate groups. The corporate functions will need access to resources of all locations and department functions as appropriate. In this context the following policies are proposed: (a) The corporate HQ governance functions shall have access rights everywhere on the active directory. (b) The China governance functions shall have access rights in China and Corporate business areas. (c) The QA function in China would govern quality control activities across the group and hence shall have access right everywhere on the AD. (d) All other users shall have access rights within their respective departments/locations. To support the above policies, the following Nesting Strategy has been proposed for Riordan Manufacturing: Primary Domain: Riordan.com Domain Local Groups: Corporate, Corporate R&D, Pontiac and Albany Child Domain: China.Riordan.com Domain Local Groups: China Corporate, China MFG and China MTLS. The Local groups

What extent does neo-realism provide a satisfactory account of world Essay

What extent does neo-realism provide a satisfactory account of world politics - Essay Example Research shows that realism theory had the belief that the political order and the manner in which countries conduct themselves concerning international ground are projected by the nature of human beings (Dickinson 2006, p.63). Its foremost supposition originates from a human aspect; for instance, ambitions and aspirations are the main driving forces of international or world politics (Craig 2009, p. 45). On the contrary, neorealism declared that the current global system is a revolutionary setting with no dominant power directing and amending relationships among countries. It is not a social nature but rather a universal nature of the entire world that explains world politics. To a small extent, neo-realism provides satisfactory account to world politics. Every nation is in a search of individual benefit and its activities on a worldwide ground rely on its personal welfares. Therefore, in order to accomplish its individual benefits nations can establish coalitions, although even wit hin such coalitions every nation is only interested in attaining its own goals. Revolution of the global system is a command in itself. Accordingly, every nation continues to be in competition with other nations because of concern with its security and development (Craig 2009, p.50). Supremacy is dominant in understanding the affairs among nations. Therefore, search for authority makes countries to develop their resource, boost up economies, as well as develop skill and society as well. According to neorealism theory, the tougher the nation, the less susceptible it is on the global ground. Martial and fiscal greatness are the main measures for safety and growth, and thus accomplishment of these measures is performed through all ways possible. According to studies, conflict in neorealism is unavoidable. Nonetheless, in a nuclear period, conflicts among the nuclear nations are not likely to happen certainly, because such nations with nuclear weapons understand the effects of such conf lict. Thus, they use nuclear resources as a way of discouragement and balance of supremacy. In fact, neo-realism is a system of balance, and the anarchy of global setting, as well as an order instead of chaos (Van 2009, p. 80). This is because steadiness of supremacy is the only way to reservation harmony. Therefore, with such standards in place, neo-realism provides a satisfactory to the world politics. Neo-realism provides satisfactory account to world politics because it offers a well-organized explanation concerning the global political structure. It is a trial to explain international relations in technical terms through the mention of imbalanced capacities of nations. It also explains the revolutionary structure of the nation system, as well as the emphasis on great supremacies whose affairs regulate the most vital results of world politics (Krasner 2005, p.78). Neo-realism provides satisfactory account to world politics because it promotes peace and security among nations. Re searchers view the best international relation theory as one that emphasizes mainly on the structure of the system because structures regulate the actions the country. Foreign policy is led by the structure, and the nation officials are thus prisoners of the revolutionary system` structure and its determinist’s reasoning commands what they must carry out in the behavior of overseas rule (Jacques 2007, p. 106). Therefore, neo-realism offers a powerful explanation of the structure of the system of a nation much different from other theories because it takes the structure as the key tool of analysis. From studies, it clear that international rel

Drug Abuse, Manslaughter and Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Drug Abuse, Manslaughter and Law - Essay Example Cocaine is a dominant hard drug that attracts severe penalties for possession and eventual trafficking. The controlled substance act serves the whole nation in implementing all legislations for single convention on narcotics and drugs and helps in reducing the atrocities developed from the drug distribution. This was brought about by full discovery of the addictive properties of cocaine, including the perceived problems that are brought about by addictive use of cocaine (Gardner & Anderson 2011 p 430). A negative notion was further linked to cocaine as many people stressed that cocaine abusers were mainly gamblers, prostitutes, burglars, racketeers, and pimps among other law breakers. It further created a notion that cocaine increased people’s ability to commit more crime as it gave them heightened approach to life and the courage to commit crimes that have been restricted by law. In this case, Nino Schenquist and Bill Rallia are involved in the use of illegal drugs together. They are both liable for using drugs that are recognized by law as illegal and any person found guilty of such an offence faces a stringent arm of the law. They are guilty of using drugs that increase perseverance, alertness, energy, and motor activity. The drug use affects a person’s feelings of well being hence increased competence and sexuality to higher levels that could increase a person’s probability of involvement into unsocial and illegal practices unwillingly. In a state of law, Rallia and Schenquist will be first convicted of frequent use of drugs in the country. The only legal use of cocaine is stipulated under local aesthetics as it is used constructively in making patients persevere pain during a medical examination or procedure. According to the United States controlled substance act of 1970, cocaine is placed under schedule II drug, as it is a highly classified drug in terms of high potentiality for abuse leading to severe physical and psychological depe ndence (Gardner & Anderson 2011 p 432). The two culprits will face an established mandatory law that provides a specified minimum drug sentence as they can not get out scot free. However, there are different penalties for the different types of cocaine in the United States. For instance, the federal law accords a higher sentence to crack cocaine than for powder cocaine since there is a high indulgence in the crack cocaine a large number of African Americans. It also claims a harsher prison term for blacks in the United States since their indulgence is increasingly severe as they increase the trade in the illegal drugs due to their lucrative income. Possession of a five gram of crack cocaine attracts a hefty first-offence penalty of not less than five years imprisonment. The same imprisonment of not less than five years is accorded to a person who is found in possession of five hundred grams of powder cocaine in the same law. This shows the utter difference in the two types of the sa me drug According to the controlled substance act of the United States, Rallia and Schenquist will be convicted in relation to section 959 ((a) for manufacture or distribute a controlled substance. Since they have been thriving in the business of using controlled drugs, the law will have to file possible allegations in a court of law for the conviction. Rallia is solidly behind the death of his cousin Schenquist since he is responsible for allegedly stabbing him after they had a misunderstanding at Thomas’

Woman At Point Zero Analysis

Woman At Point Zero Analysis Symbolism has seeped into the arts and became an essential part of literary works and general communication. Since the concept of symbolism is effective in the construction of a novel, both works; The Outsider by A. Camus (translated by Joseph Laredo) and Woman at Point Zero by N. El Saadawi (translated by Sherif Hetata) portray the symbolic use of Nature. The symbolic use of nature in literature embodies the emotions and feelings of a character. The protagonists, Firdaus in Woman at Point Zero and Meursault in The Outsider mutually use nature as a way to express their feelings. More abstractly, besides giving insights into the characters, both Firdaus and Meursault use nature to symbolize significant events in the plot. Hence, by analyzing the representations of nature, insights into many of the ideas and images that the authors are trying to convey are obtained. This paper will highlight the symbolic use of nature in both novels. Meursault devotes significant attention to the different colours of the sky, the suns rays at different times of the day and the beach. In the novel, green is linked to happy moments. This is evident from the vague line: The sky was green; I felt happy.  [1]  Earlier in the novel, the sky was blue and gold, and now its green. The colour green is a blend of blue and yellow, it mediates between heat and cold. It is refreshing, comforting and the colour of plant life. Throughout the novel, A. Camus illustrates that red is associated with love and anger. The sky changed again. Above the rooftops the sky had taken on a reddish glow and with evening coming on the streets came to life.  [2]  Red is one of the most powerful colours. It incites visions of passion and pain, war and love. The symbolic use of red is different depending on the experiences and the culture of an individual. In African societies, the color red is linked to love and hate. It is based on the intensity of these two emotions. This is also analogous to the Arab on the beach scene and Maries red coloured dress, as they both signify love and anger. The colour red affected Meursault biologically, as it increased his metabolism and sped up his breathing. Comparatively, N. El Saadawi examines the different colours of the sky in diverse times of the day. The sky also had undergone a change; its colour had turned to black, like that of the earth, and it was pressing down upon me with its added load.  [3]  The author has experienced this feeling once, when she felt unloved by a man. The colour black in the novel is seen as a cold and negative aspect suggesting passivity. The change in the colour of the sky symbolizes the feeling of rejection by the vast world. The sky was blue with a blueness I could capture in my eyes. I held the whole world in my hands; it was mine.  [4]  The author came across this feeling when she met the man that she loved for the first time. Although blue is more common in western societies, blue skies are full of optimistic meaning in every culture. The color blue in the novel is related to freedom, strength and new beginnings. Both, A. Camus and N. El Saadawi are striving to exhibit the unexpected changes of emotions and feelings by using colours as a symbol in the novels. Throughout the novel, A. Camus usage of the sun disputes its warmth and beauty. Similarly to the changing colours of the sky, the sun and heat are a symbol for feelings and emotions. To Meursault, the sun has an impact on all his senses. Depending on its power, it either makes him angry, happy or resentful. The images of sunlight and heat are common throughout the novel as it is set in Algeria. There are two times when these images are significant to the plot. The impact of the sun on Meursault is represented early in the novel, at his mothers funeral. He was unable to think about his mothers death because of the glaring sun and intense heat. At the beach, A. Camus portrays once more the negative version of the sun. The sun shattered into little pieces on the sand and water.  [5]  The sun provokes Meursault to kill the Arab. This indicates the controlling influence of the hot weather. In spite of this, Meursault changes his view on both the sun and his life in prison. I moved clo ser to the window, and in the last light of the day I gazed my reflection one more time.  [6]  Early in the novel, he was introduced to the harsh sun. However in jail, Meursault realizes that the sun and life are warm and friendly. In contrast, N. El Saadawi uses cold weather as a symbol to illustrate her feelings as a character in the novel. The ground under me was cold. The same touch the same consistency, the same naked cold. Yet the cold did not touch me, did not reach me.  [7]  The author draws cold weather as a negative aspect. In the middle-eastern societies, winter seasons portray fright, death and stagnation. The author uses cold weather as a symbol to present fright and danger when she first met Firdaus. In the beginning, N. El Saadawi was concerned when she sat on the cold floor in prison next to her. Although danger and insecurity were surrounding her, she felt safe and fearless when she sat next to Firdaus. As if the coldness and all the insecurity could not touch her or reach her. In The Outsider, water symbolizes relief, escape and peace. This is evident from the beach scene, before the murder occurred: I was thinking of the cool spring behind the rock. I wanted to hear the murmur of its water again, to escape from the sun and the effort of the womens tears, and to relax in the shade again.  [8]  To Meursault, its easier to step towards the cool water and away from the sun. In the novel, water is a symbol of regeneration, relief and escape; it washes away all the guilt of the protagonist. The closest Meursault comes to happiness, is in the absence of pain from his surroundings. Natures surroundings are vicious that the only thing on Meursaults mind is escape and peace. Meursaults urgency to escape from the discomfort caused by heat initiates the murder of the Arab. On the contrary, Firdaus illustrates that water is a symbol for death and new beginnings. This is evident from the incomprehensible line: On my head I carried a heavy earthenware jar, full of water. Under its weight my neck would sometimes jerk backwards, or to the left or to the right.  [9]  Water has a universal undertone of clarity. Symbolically, it is viewed as the source and origin of life itself. When Firdaus neck jerks backward with the jar, water represents warmth and comfort. When it moves to the left, water signifies coldness, alienation and death. When it moves to the right, it denotes renewal and love. N. El Saadawi embodies water as both, the fluidity of life and death in the novel.

monetary and fiscal policy :: essays research papers

Monetary and Fiscal Policy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Monetary policy is the plan to expand or contract the money supply in order to influence the cost and availability of credit. Fiscal policy is another tool for the government basically spending and taxing, or borrowing money. Throughout this essay I will be writing about these two policies. I will be basically comparing and contrasting them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Monetary policy is more along the lines to help the nation?s money supply and help credit so the economy can gain certain things. Fiscal policy helps control the taking, borrowing and spending. Monetary policy comes with different plans to help, such as the easy money supply which helps expand the money supply, it increases aggregate demand, and promotes economic growth. Tight Money Policy is the higher interest rates and the money supply.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fiscal policy is like missing money. What do I mean by missing money? Well, when you got your first paycheck at work didn?t you wonder why is your paycheck so little or less then what you expected? Well that?s what I mean by ?missing money.? This ?missing money? goes to federal, states, and local governments as taxes. Another example would be when your purchasing an item and the price tag says $30 and when the item is registered the total is $32.48. That?s the taxes making the price rise a little higher.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In my opinion, what I basically think is that monetary policy goes for the banking system to achieve money. For example, say that they offer C.D.?s and say I put $3000 in a C.D at my bank and 6 months later its not $3600. So they borrowed my money to use it for there needs and than they give it back to me with some interest.

Mustika Ratu Case Summary

Mustier Rat's Marketing Strategy Throughout the sass, the company expanded its line traditional cosmetics (facial care & decorative makeup, hair and body care product) and the established itself as the uncontested market leader – by 1998, four out of very 10 cosmetic products sold in Indonesia were Mustier Rata brands. Positioned as competitively priced, quality products formulated specifically for Indonesian skin. Company literature reinforced that its products were natural and integrated timeless Indonesian beliefs of the health and beauty properties of local plants and herbs.Mustier Rat's Jambs appealed to several market segments. Segment : Men, women, adults, and teenagers. Target : Predominantly middle- to upper-middle-income cue insurers. Positioning : Products were natural and integrated timeless Indonesian levels of the health and beauty properties of local plants and herbs. Condition of competition in the jam segment was becoming fierce in the next following years. Ma ny roadside stalls selling jambs to cure headaches, boost sexual drive or to reduce weight were common. These jambs were targeted at the middle- to lower-income market segment.So, Mustier Rata also competed in these market segments with their flank brand â€Å"Garage Jambs†. According to the company's 1 997 annual report, this line â€Å"contributed to overall profitability and had great potential for future growth. † Exhibit low are Mustier Rat's product differentiation based on market segment. Each segment has each marketing strategy that suitable to applied to their market. Based on reading text, Mustier Rat's core value that become major quality of Mustier Rat's product was high quality of their natural ingredients.It become a competitive factor for Mustier Rata differentiation to another brands. This competitive factor that Mustier Rata tried to sell from their marketing campaign. This became a major focus in the company's marketing communications. An average of o ver 25 percent of annual net sales was spent n marketing campaigns which promoted value-priced, natural alternatives to imported cosmetics. Another key promotion activity that increased the company's profile was sponsorship of several major beauty events, including the Miss Indonesia pageant.B. R. A. Immorality's high profile as an owner of Mustier Rata, who granted meritorious achievement in the promotion of Indonesian culture and traditions and the Asian Institute's Marketing Management Award (in 1992 and 1 995) also increased Mustier Rat's profile in domestic area. Mustier Rat's Distribution Strategy Over the years, Mustier Rata had developed its own well-established and highly organized distribution system, controlled through a recently installed information technology (IT) control system.The application of improved IT control systems ensured a higher level of service and more efficient delivery schedules as well as more accurate and timely consumer information. IT system was al so installed due to the the challenges posed by Indonesian geography, which is Indonesian area is so vast. Another significant challenge in distribution in Indonesia was the highly fragmented nature of the retail industry – thousands of small outlets and roadside stalls accounted for a significant percentage of Indonesian retail activity.Mustier Rata used all of kind distribution channel to market their extensive product lines. Mustier Rata Brand's Distribution Channel ‘ Lower- and middle- income brand : ubiquitous stalls, wet markets, conventional retail shop, supermarket, direct sales channel Upper- income brand : Department stores, company-owned stores, direct sales force Since 1 992, Mustier Rata had concentrated on intensifying their department store distribution channel.Another key strategy was to increase of distribution channels previously managed by third parties in their most densely populated and lucrative markets. The establishment of Mustier Rata-owned and operated distribution systems resulted in an average of two and one-half percent increase in Mustier Rat's operating margins. Delivery time was also shortened, and quality of service provided to retail outlets was enhanced. Company also changed its accounts receivable policy, shortening the due period from 90 days to 30 days.Namely it addressed lead times and resulted to smaller order lots. According to Essayist on the reading text, the company's distributors were his â€Å"eyes and ears† monitoring customer opinion and relaying vital market information to the corporate marketing department. Mustier Rat's International Market In international markets, Mustier Rata used a combination of in-house owned operated distribution channels, as well as contracted distributors.Malaysia The company's most significant international market, accounting for 70% of international revenue. 1 995, Mustier Rata established several â€Å"House of Mustier Rata† treatment centers, which resul ted in doubling sales. Target Market : Indigenous Malay (properly target), Chinese (lasted catered), Middle market products. Philippines : Demographics in Philippines market were relatively similar with domestic product lines. Target Market : Health and beauty products for teenage girls was one of the least crowded market segments.Next step in penetrating the Filipino market was to capitalize on the established third-party distribution channels used for the body splash and to introduce other product within the Putter line as well as Mustier Rat's slimming Tea. The Middle East : Mustier Rata had opened 14 â€Å"House of Mustier Rata† outlets in United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt. Target Market : Brand with in developing natural products that adhered to the Muslim ‘Hall' standards -? products made with no animal fat and that had never been tested on animals.Other Countries : The another countries was : Hong Kong and Holland (Mail order distribution channel) Sou th Africa, Canada, Australia, China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam Taiwan, and Thailand (Investigating Market) Successfully Navigating Through A Chaotic External Environment Mustier Rata had averted the misfortune in 1 998 that had befallen many of heir competitors through cautious investment of the proceeds of their PIP (much of which had not been used as originally planned), mostly in short term deposits at foreign-owned banks.

Housekeeping and Banquet Industry Placement

Housekeeping and Banquet Industry Placement Sofitel Brisbane Central Hotel Even though Sofitel Brisbane Central Hotel has a steep historical background, but it was officially opened in 2000. The Hotel offers a range of services including luxurious accommodation, conference facilities, library services, fitness facilities, bar and restaurant, sports services, wedding venues among others.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Housekeeping and Banquet Industry Placement specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The hotel is strategically located at the centre of Queensland new world city and has over 400 elegant rooms, fitness centre, mouth-watering restaurant and bars, heated swimming pools and spa, and 11 conferencing rooms that can accommodate over 1000 individuals among other facilities (Sofitel Luxury Hotels, 2011). The hotel receives many visitors both locally and internationally. Among them are businessmen, tourists, and dignitaries. Accommodation is the largest part of the hotel and generates the most revenue. The hotel departments are pegged on the facilities available and different categories of staff. The study will focus on housekeeping department and the challenges facing this department. Housekeeping department is in charge of cleaning and taking orders in the hotel. The personnel in this department include the room attendants/ maids, supervisors, senior attendants/maid and the head of the department (Sofitel Luxury Hotels, 2011). Housekeeping Department Housekeeping department just like the front office normally works round the clock with three shifts per day. The number of times cleaning is performed per day depends on the status of the hotel. The high higher the status the more frequent a room is cleaned and vice versa. This department is among the strictly regulated in the hotel industry. Each position has well defined instructions that have to be adhered to and it is the responsibility of the senior maid or supervisors to make sure that the instructions are followed. Cleanliness of hotel is a concept that is perceived in diverse ways in different nations. Big hotels such as Sofitel Brisbane Central Hotel have mastered cleaning technologies and are role models in the hotel industry. Some hotels such as Marriot chain dust in the room after cleaning is regarded as a violation. Meticulousness in the subject of cleanliness is a trademark of hotels in emerging and advanced economies. Sofitel Brisbane Central Hotel has a pleasant ambience as a result of the spectacular color schemes, beautiful furnishing and efficient staff (Sofitel Luxury Hotels, 2011; City Of Hotels, 2011).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Over half of the hotel’s revenue comes from room service and therefore, when a room is not sold the hotel looses a lot of money. Poor occupancy can cause loss of customers and this may be attr ibuted to hygiene matters, cleanliness and outdated facilities. Hence, the main of objective of most hotels is to enhance the appeal of their rooms. This is because guests do spent a lot of tine in their rooms than in any other part of the hotel, so matters of cleanliness are paramount in the hotel business since most customers are health conscious nowadays (Rutherford and O’ Fallon, 2007). Sofitel Brisbane Central housekeeping department owns a Linen Operating System. Therefore, all of the linen used in the whole hotel such as towels, bed linen and pillow cases are washed, dried, and ironed on a daily basis by the housekeeping department. Linen operation requires a lot of work and therefore adequate staff is needed, but the hotel has not appointed enough staff on the linen operation. Frequently the hotel usually runs out of the linen and towels and this means the room attendants spend a lot of time cleaning the rooms since linen and towels are needed to make a room. In such cases the workers in the housekeeping department do suffer a lot from too much working hours and labor (Sofitel Luxury Hotels, 2011). In addition, the linen departments normally bear high cost of maintenance and frequent breakdowns. This not only makes costing unpredictable but also results in loss of revenue since rooms which are not maintained are not sold to the customers. The machines and equipments used in the linen operations are relatively old and not advanced as in some of the five star hotels like Hilton and Marriot chain. Workers in the linen departments are responsible for many duties and thus are over burdened (Johnston, 1998; Sofitel Luxury Hotels, 2011). The operational problem in the linen department is a very serious challenge for the hotel. Even though it has not necessarily affected the clients, but it does inconvenience them when the rooms are not sold because they are in bad condition.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Housekeeping and Ban quet Industry Placement specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In rare cases, guests are normally forced to reuse their line fabrics when the linen operating system fails or when the fabrics are not availed in time. Fortunately, most of these clients are regular customers or do understand the situation. But this is very risky for the hotel since some guests are very insensitive and might even sue the hotel for poor service (Wakefield and Blodgett, 1994). Most hotels normally prefer to outsource such type of services to cleaning companies since owning a linen operating system is not only expensive but also necessitates hiring more staff which is uneconomical. In addition, outsourcing has numerous benefits for the hotel. For example outsourcing will enable the housekeeping department to concentrate on its core competencies by handing over the linen operations to the third party who specializes in that service and therefore enhances the hotel’ s competitive position. Outsourcing will also make sure that there is faster and high quality service and improved efficiency in linen operations. This is attributed to the fact that outsourcing companies normally operates in a large scale coupled with guarantee in the service level and increased operational efficiency (PMP Research, 2009). Outsourcing also gives the hotel access to resources that are not available within, such as state-of-the-art technology and skilled manpower without necessarily acquiring them. It also gives the department more flexibility to respond promptly to the dynamic environment and increased competition. Personnel who were working in the linen department can be relocated to other strategic tasks. Outsourcing enhances predictability of the costs since the operational costs are incurred by the third party. Lastly, outsourcing will help the hotel to deal with problems of globalization as it seeks expand its services globally (PMP Research, 2009). Conclusion Sofitel Brisbane Central Hotel is a five star hotel located in the heart of the city. The hotel offers numerous services but accommodation is the most important of them all since it generates the highest revenue. The hotel experiences operational problem in the housekeeping department. The problem is attributed to the fact that it owns a linen operating system which has numerous shortcomings. The best solution for the problem is outsourcing this service to the company which specializes in it. In this case, the company will be saved of the operational costs associated with the linen operating system, improve efficiency and enhance its competitive advantage.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References City of Hotels, 2011. Housekeeping Department. Web. Johnston, R., 1998. Service Operations Management: Return to the roots. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 19 (2), pp.104-124. PMP Research, 2009. Outsourcing is in. Web. Rutherford, D.G. and O’ Fallon, M.J., (2007) Hotel Management and Operations. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons Inc. Sofitel Luxury Hotels, 2011. Hotel Sofitel Brisbane Central Services and Activities. Web. Wakefield, K.L. and Blodgett, J.G., 1994. The importance of services capes in leisure service settings. Journal of Services Marketing, 8 (3), pp. 66-76. Banquet Department Banquet department combines the function of marketing, sales and food and beverage departments and entails relaying of information to the clients regarding the events and payment of bills. The front desk staff may possibly offer labor for the preparation of the routine announcement boards, listing of daily activities, and marquees. Posting of each d ay events on the boards offers the clients and the staff with information on group activities. Marquee preparation includes congratulatory messages, sales promotion and other vital messages. In a number of hotels, staff in front office normally makes contact with the marketing and sales for important messages (Gray and Liguori, 2003). The answer to success of a hotel business is the service which begins with the contact between the client and the staff of the front office. How the guests are welcomed and treated is very important since it gives the first impression of the hotel and conditions their perception of other services in the hotel. If the guests are satisfied by the first impression of the hotel, this can mean a long lasting relationship. Many hotels have well equipped clean and comfortable rooms. However, quests do assess the hotel and its services based on the courteousness and efficiency of its staff (Roldan, 2004; Gray and Liguori, 2003). The role played by the banquet department in enhancing excellent guest relations is self evident and cannot be overemphasized. Since banquet department offers the initial contact, it is also where the guest-related problems normally take place. Most guests are ready to pay any amount for the hotel service as long as they get their penny’s worth. As a result, the guests will always voice their discontent over rude staff or slow service and look forward to faster solution for their problem (Bardi, 2003). Banquet regarded as the heart of the hotel business. Most of the staff-guest interactions take place in banquet department more than any other department. It sets the stage for satisfying and non-satisfying visit since it’s where the initial impression is formed. Many guests are normally eager to start their vacation and business plans and therefore needs a lot of information regarding the hotel so as to enjoy as possible. The response to requested information or guest problems reflects how well the h otel has equipped the banquet department staff for this significant role (Roldan, 2004). Sofitel Brisbane central hotel normally does welcome orientation to the new staff and briefly explains organizational management systems and rules, and the rules and duties of each staff. The rules and duties for the new staff are provided in a hand manual. These hand manuals are well instructed with pictorial representations to ensure easy understanding. During the orientation the human resources manager comprehensively explains the manual to the new staff. These manuals are very reasonable since they are easily comprehendible, but most employees do not really have a deep look at the manual (Hughes, 2007). These manuals are too general and are mostly focused on the external clients and ignore the internal clients (the staff). Therefore, for these manuals to be effective, they have to put emphasis on both quests and hotel employees at large. However, the hotel has no procedures relating to commu nication. The finest hotel management practices require that hotels have rules regarding how the staff should communicate with the clients. The hotel’s manual only outlines the appropriate communication skills that can be of assistance when communicating with the clients. Therefore, it’s upon the staff to choose to use these communication skills or to ignore these skills (Sofitel Luxury Hotels, 2011). Sofitel Brisbane central hotel uses feedback card and suggestion box to establish customers’ response and to evaluate staff performance in all the departments. However, these cards are usually given to the customers only when they ask them. The hotel always provides the feedback cards before getting more feedbacks from the clients. Nonetheless, from the responses got from the feedback cards most guests are satisfied with the manner in which the hotel staff welcomes and treats them and attend to their wake up calls. This is evident in the high number of loyal guests who revisits the hotel very frequently (Sofitel Luxury Hotels, 2011). Although the hotel has no set rules on the staff-guest communication, it is very strict on the way the staff handles the guests. Those who are found guilty of any form of misconduct or in violation of the hotel rules are either suspended, penalized or at the worst force out. The staffs at the banquet department are naturally disciplined and very hospitable. This is because the hotel hires highly qualified personnel for this job and is expected to be very responsible in their work. The hotel demands high level of professionalism in this job (Sofitel Luxury Hotels, 2011). Conclusion The banquet department is central to the operation of the hotel. This department is where the majority of the staff-guest interactions take place more than in any other department. How the guests are welcomed and treated is very important since it gives the first impression of the hotel and conditions their perception of other services in the hotel. If the guests are satisfied by the first impression of the hotel, this can mean a long lasting relationship. Sofitel Brisbane central hotel has not set rule regarding staff-guest communication, but has a brief outline of the suitable communication skills. Therefore, the hotel demands high level of professionalism for the staff working in the banquet department. References Bardi, J. A., 2003. Hotel front office management. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Gray, W. S. Liguori, S. C., (2003) Hotel and motel management and  Operations. Singapore: Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd. Hughes, B., 2007. Knowing your business means knowing your guests. Hotel and motel management, 222, pp. 38. Roldan, A. S., 2004. Front office procedures and guest relations. Paranaque: AR Skills Development Management Services. Sofitel Luxury Hotels, 2011. Hotel Sofitel Brisbane Central Services and Activities. Web.

Emphasizes The Role Of Transition Children And Young People Essay Essay Example

Emphasizes The Role Of Transition Children And Young People Essay Essay Example Emphasizes The Role Of Transition Children And Young People Essay Essay Emphasizes The Role Of Transition Children And Young People Essay Essay and increasing the duties of the kid. It is besides normal that immature kids of defeat frequently. it is a necessary measure for its development. will larn through experience ; experience and mistake. This means that they need to see the feeling frustrated when something does non work for them, in order to travel to the following phase. When you feel frustrated for a little kid, and they frequently behave severely with actions such as shouting, hitting or seize with teething. parents need to be careful When you reply to such behaviour, and given the menace or countenances are non helpful and will merely do the state of affairs worse. [ 20 ] Child Main articles: kids and early childhood, childhood and immature adolescence Younger kids became more independent, which is get downing to construct friendly relationships. They are able to ground and can do their ain determinations given conjectural state of affairss. Young kids demand changeless attending, but you will larn how to cover with ennui and be able to play independently. They besides enjoyed assisting and experiencing utile and able. May aid parents and their kids by promoting societal interaction and patterning appropriate societal behaviours. A big portion of larning in the early old ages comes from take parting in activities and prep. Parents who watch their kids at drama or solidarity with them in child-driven drama have the chance to glimpse the universe of their kids, and larn to pass on more efficaciously with their kids and are given another puting to supply gentle, fostering counsel. [ 21 ] parents besides know their kids s wellness, hygiene, and eating wonts through instruction and by illustration. It is expected that the parents to do determinations about their kids s instruction. Rearing methods in this country much different at this phase with some parents strongly to go involved in the activities of the organisation and set up early acquisition plans. Choose other parents to let the kid with the development of the organisation s activities are few. Children Begin to larn duty, and the effects of their actions, with the aid of parents. Some parents provide a little allowance which increases with age to assist learn kids the value of money and how to be responsible with it. Parents who are consistent and just with their subject, who communicate openly and supply accounts for their kids, and those who do non pretermit the demands of kids in some manner frequently find they have fewer jobs with their kids when they fall due. [ Edit ] teens Chief article: Adolescence During adolescence kids are get downing to organize their individuality and testing and development of personal and professional functions that assume they will as grownups. Therefore it is of import that parents should handle them like immature grownups. Although the teens look to their equals and grownups outside the household for counsel and theoretical accounts for how to act, and parents are still influential in the development. A adolescent miss who thinks bad of him or herself, non confident, stopped around with packs, deficiency of positive values, follow the crowd, do non make good in surveies, and loss of involvement in school, he has a few friends, lacks supervising at place or is non close to adults major such as parents are vulnerable to peer force per unit area. Parents frequently feel stray and entirely in rearing striplings, [ 22 ] , but they should do attempts still have to be cognizant of the activities of her teens, and supply counsel and way, and audience. Can be adolescence period of high hazard for kids, where they found new freedoms can take to determinations that dramatically open up or shut the life chances. Parental issues at this phase of rearing include covering with adolescents Rebel , who did non cognize freedom while they were smaller. In order to forestall all this, it is of import to construct a relationship of trust with them. This can be achieved through planning and disbursement leisure activities together, and maintaining your promises, do non peck him or her about their old errors and seeking to listen and speak to them, no affair how busy you are. When constructing a relationship of trust, they are more likely to near you for aid when faced with negative equal force per unit area. Besides, in an effort to construct a strong foundation to assist your kid to defy negative equal force per unit area, it is of import to construct self-esteem: Praise coerce your kid instead than concentrating on failings ( and will do them exp erience good and grow confident of themselves, so he / she does non experience the demand to acquire blessing from the equals ) , we acknowledge the attempts of your kid, do non merely concentrate on the terminal consequence ( when you notice that acknowledge his / her attempts, and he / she will maintain seeking ) and, eventually, non to O.K. the behaviour, non the kid, or they will turn to their equals to accept and comfort. [ Edit ] people Rearing normally does non stop when the kid reaches 18. And may necessitate to back up the kid s life beyond the adolescent old ages and go on into maturity subsequently East. Rearing can be a womb-to-tomb procedure. [ Edit ] Help [ Edit ] attention Research shows that 70 % of parents put their kids in some kind of kid attention, which makes kid care a cardinal component in raising kids. Because person else will be involved in the instruction of your kid is of import to take a installation that suits your demands and matches the values aˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹and ends for your kid. Site, and find the cost and are all really of import in the choice of the kid attention installation. National Association for the Education of Young Children ( NAEYC ) identifies ten points to do certain your kid good early kid attention centres: 1. The kids spend most of their clip playing and working with stuffs or other kids. They do non roll aimlessly, and is non expected to sit softly for long periods of clip. 2. Children at assorted activities throughout the twenty-four hours. Find a assortment of edifice blocks and other building stuffs, props for make-believe drama, image books, pigments and other art stuffs, and games such as table games, fiting, pegboards, and mystifiers. Children must non all making the same thing at the same clip. 3. Teachers work with single kids and little groups, and the whole group at different times during the twenty-four hours. They do non pass all their clip with the whole group. 4. Classroom is decorated with kids s graphics original, and compose their ain with originative spelling, and kids s narratives dictated by instructors. 5. Children learn the alphabet and Numberss in the context of their mundane experiences. The natural universe of workss and animate beings and meaningful activities such as cookery, with the audience, or a bite service as a footing for larning activities. 6. Children work on undertakings and have long periods of clip ( at least one hr ) to play and geographic expedition. Worksheets are used small if at all. 7. Childs have the chance to play outside every twenty-four hours. Is neer sacrificed to play out-of-doorss more clip instruction. 8. Reading books for kids of instructors separately or in little groups throughout the twenty-four hours, non merely at group narrative clip. 9. The course of study is adapted for those who are before every bit good as those who need excess aid. We recognize that instructors different background for kids and expertness agencies that they do non larn the same things at the same clip and in the same manner. 10. Children and their parents look frontward to school. Parents experience safe about directing their kids to the plan. Children are happy to go to, they do non shout on a regular basis or complain of experiencing sick. Besides inquire if the plan is adopted by the NAEYC. NAEYC approved plans to finish a thorough reappraisal of the self-study and external to turn out it is consistent with the criterions of excellence in instruction in early childhood.

Contingency Planning in Action Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Contingency Planning in Action - Term Paper Example The organization specializes with offering cloud-computing services where other individuals and organizations would rely on in matters of keeping sensitive information and easy access and retrieval of the same whenever required at a fee. The organization has its headquarters and the main office in Johannesburg in South Africa though plans are underway of establishing constituent operating sub ventures in the western countries where it supposes the business would thrive. It currently operates with an employee base of hardly forty technicians due to its small capacity in operation and for the reason that few experts are required to carry out the lump some work of handling the data technologically. It therefore provides solutions to small and medium business ventures in Africa in matters of data where the benefit to the clients would be through lowered costs of operations. In order to add capacity or improve capabilities of functionality of an organization having not to invest in person nel training, licensing news software as well as investing in new infrastructure, the emerging trend is in adopting the cloud computing services from such providers as the Africaninvestments data handlers. ... Moreover, a new business niche would be created in offering security as a service, which would specialize in single, as well as multi-tier security provision and which would effective in being unpredictable to the hackers. The primary functions of the Africaninvestments data handlers organization is to offer data storage and handling facilities to the business fraternity as well as to individual persons who would like to have their data stored away from own systems in order to ensure secrecy and security. However, just as is the case with all other businesses, it is worth noting that the organization suffers specific challenges especially those associated with the secrecy and security of the data being handled. Kuyoro and team studied the security issues as well as challenges that are posed by cloud computing with attention on the types of cloud computing services and the types of service delivery. The study found that cloud computing often deal with social networks and online softwa re applications for data storage as well as transfer. The fear of the ‘too much’ exposure of an organization’s data and information raises the concern of exactly how much the environment is within the era of cloud computing. Actually, this has been pointed out to be their major reason of the slow acceptance of the cloud. Cloud providers are definitely hesitant in disclosing their infrastructure to their clients, which confirms the fears of the clients to how much one is to trust the providers with their sensitive data and information. Through intensive review of literature from past studies, the research study established the following to be the main concerns in security of cloud computing. Compromise of data

Middle Eastern Origins of International Terrorism since 1945 Essay

Middle Eastern Origins of International Terrorism since 1945 - Essay Example For as long as we have had war, terrorism has been with us as a tactic to bring about change in atmospheres of political discontent and also to maintain control. From the Irish War to Osama Bin Laden, the world has experienced political activism to the extent of vandal, murder and suicide. According to Delaware: â€Å"The history of terrorism dates back at least 1500 years when Jewish resistance groups (66 - 72 A.D.) known as Zealots killed Roman soldiers and destroyed Roman property†. By the middle of the century, the Middle East has perfected and monopolized terror as a strategy to maintain control and promote their regimes. According to Middle East Info: â€Å"The Middle East includes 7 out of 19 of the most repressive regimes in the world. Arab and Iranian dictators oppress their subjects, sponsor half of the world’s major terror groups and imperil Israel, the Middle East’s sole democracy†. Today, tearful vigils in remembrance of the September 11 bombi ng of the World Trade Center in New York is the most historical bookmark of Middle Eastern terror. Concept of Terrorism Emotion is the culprit behind many of life’s extremities. Even a terroristic movement starts with some degree of emotional conflict. The concept of terrorism initially brings to mind political manipulation, kidnappings, bombings, and surprise attacks. The saddest aspect of the term is it is often aimed toward innocent bystanders, including women, senior citizens, and children who have no connection to any perceived offense. â€Å"Terrorism has been described variously as both a tactic and strategy; a crime and a holy duty; a justified reaction to oppression and an inexcusable abomination† .... ine terrorism in terms of law are listed in the table below: Definition of Terrorism, United States Code, (United States Code, 2012) Title 22 Chapter 38 of the United States Code (regarding the Department of State)definition of terrorism: : "The term 'terrorism' means premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents† Title 18 United States Code defines international terrorism as: "Activities that . . . involve violent acts or acts dangerous to human life that are a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or of any State, or that would be a criminal violation if committed within the jurisdiction of the United States†¦[and] appear to be intended . . . to intimidate or coerce a civilian population; . . . to influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion; or . . . to affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping† The essenc e of any terrorist movement is its threat to society. It is the basis for the existence of Homeland Security agencies. Regardless of how it is defined, terrorist tactics add up to one thing: violence. The violent approach arose from several circumstances in the 20th century. Nationalism developed in many countries, which undergirded many political movements and the formation of nationalist interest groups. The World Wars and the Cold War made fighting, death, and casualties a commonality. The tactic of taking hostages was added to the list of methods of political objection. The wars delegitimized any theories of peace and non-violent protest (Terrorism Research, 2012). The wars desensitized people to the death and breaking laws (Terrorist Research, 2012). The death toll of the wars overshadowed

Physical and Chemical Structure of Penamecillin Essay

Physical and Chemical Structure of Penamecillin - Essay Example CAS name for penamecillin is (2s, 5r, 6r)-3, hydroxymethyl (2s,5r,6r)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-6-(2-phenylacetamido)-4-thia-1-azabicyclo(3.2.0)heptane-2-carboxylate , 3-dimethyl-7-oxo-6-[(phenylacetyl) amino]-4-thia-1-azabicyclo [3.2.0] heptane-2-carboxylic acid (acetyloxy) methyl ester. Furthermore, the CAS registry number for penamecillin is 983-85-7, and the compound InChIKey, is NLOOMWLTUVBWAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N (PubMed, ch 1). Â  Penamecillin has a molecular weight of 406.45278 g/mol with a molecular formula of C19H22N2O6. It is a monoclinic crystalline compound (PubChem, ch 4). The compound has a density of 1.376g/cm3, a boiling point of 648.774Â °c at 760 mmHg, with a melting point range of 105.5 Â °c to 111 Â °c, and a refractive index of 1.609 (Gibaldi And Schwartz, 362 ). It is moderately soluble in water but insoluble in petroleum ether. However, penamecillin is very soluble in methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and benzene. It is also readily soluble in dimethylsulfoxide, chloroform, acetone, trichloromethane, and ether. Furthermore, it is an unstructured crystalline white powder with the precise optical rotation of +269 deg, at 20 deg C/D methanol. It also possesses a flash point of 346.2Â °C, with an inflammable limit of 364Â °C when it is a settled powder, and 442Â °C when it is in form of spun powder. Furthermore, it has a slight characteristic odor, and its decomposition temperature is > 105 Â °C. In terms of stability and reactivity, penamecillin is stable at ambient temperatures and should be kept away from heat or ignition sources. It is also a readily biodegradable compound even though it is not a bioaccumulation or eco-toxicity compound (PubChem, ch 4). Â  

Cover Note Essay Example for Free

Cover Note Essay The Relation of Science and Religion is a transcript of a talk given by Dr. Feynman at the Caltech YMCA Lunch Forum on May 2, 1956. In this age of specialization men who thoroughly know one field are often incompetent to discuss another. The great problems of the relations between one and another aspect of human activity have for this reason been discussed less and less in public. When we look at the past great debates on these subjects we feel jealous of those times, for we should have liked the excitement of such argument. The old problems, such as the relation of science and religion, are still with us, and I believe present as difficult dilemmas as ever, but they are not often publicly discussed because of the limitations of specialization. But I have been interested in this problem for a long time and would like to discuss it. In view of my very evident lack of knowledge and understanding of religion (a lack which will grow more apparent as we proceed), I will organize the discussion in this way: I will suppose that not one man but a group of men are discussing the problem, that the group consists of specialists in many fields – the various sciences, the various religions and so on – and that we are going to discuss the problem from various sides, like a panel. Each is to give his point of view, which may be molded and modified by the later discussion. Further, I imagine that someone has been chosen by lot to be the first to present his views, and I am he so chosen. I would start by presenting the panel with a problem: A young man, brought up in a religious family, studies a science, and as a result he comes to doubt – and perhaps later to disbelieve in – his fathers God. Now, this is not an isolated example; it happens time and time again. Although I have no statistics on this, I believe that many scientists – in fact, I actually believe that more than half of the scientists – really disbelieve in their fathers God; that is, they dont believe in a God in a conventional sense. Now, since the belief in a God is a central feature of religion, this problem that I have selected points up most strongly the problem of the relation of science and religion. Why does this young man come to disbelieve? The first answer we might hear is very simple: You see, he is taught by scientists, and (as I have just pointed out) they are all atheists at heart, so the evil is spread from one to another. But if you can entertain this view, I think you know less of science than I know of religion. Another answer may be that a little knowledge is dangerous; this young man has learned a little bit and thinks he knows it all, but soon he will grow out of this sophomoric sophistication and come to realize that the world is more complicated, and he will begin again to understand that there must be a God. I dont think it is necessary that he come out of it. There are many scientists – men who hope to call themselves mature – who still dont believe in God. In fact, as I would like to explain later, the answer is not that the young man thinks he knows it all – it is the exact opposite. A third answer you might get is that this young man really doesnt understand science correctly. I do not believe that science can disprove the existence of God; I think that is impossible. And if it is impossible, is not a belief in science and in a God – an ordinary God of religion — a consistent possibility? Yes, it is consistent. Despite the fact that I said that more than half of the scientists dont believe in God, many scientists do believe in both science and God, in a perfectly consistent way. But this consistency, although possible, is not easy to attain, and I would like to try to discuss two things: Why it is not easy to attain, and whether it is worth attempting to attain it. When I say believe in God, of course, it is always a puzzle – what is God? What I mean is the kind of personal God, characteristic of the western religions, to whom you pray and who has something to do with creating the universe and guiding you in morals. For the student, when he learns about science, there are two sources of difficulty in trying to weld science and religion together. The first source of difficulty is this – that it is imperative in science to doubt; it is absolutely necessary, for progress in science, to have uncertainty as a fundamental part of your inner nature. To make progress in understanding we must remain modest and allow that we do not know. Nothing is certain or proved beyond all doubt. You investigate for curiosity, because it is unknown, not because you know the answer. And as you develop more information in the sciences, it is not that you are finding out the truth, but that you are finding out that this or that is more or less likely. That is, if we investigate further, we find that the statements of science are not of what is true and what is not true, but statements of what is known to different degrees of certainty: It is very much more likely that so and so is true than that it is not true; or such and such is almost certain but there is still a little bit of doubt; or – at the other extreme – well, we really dont know. Every one of the concepts of science is on a scale graduated somewhere between, but at neither end of, absolute falsity or absolute truth. It is necessary, I believe, to accept this idea, not only for science, but also for other things; it is of great value to acknowledge ignorance. It is a fact that when we make decisions in our life we dont necessarily know that we are making them correctly; we only think that we are doing the best we can – and that is what we should do. Attitude of uncertainty I think that when we know that we actually do live in uncertainty, then we ought to admit it; it is of great value to realize that we do not know the answers to different questions. This attitude of mind – this attitude of uncertainty – is vital to the scientist, and it is this attitude of mind which the student must first acquire. It becomes a habit of thought. Once acquired, one cannot retreat from it any more. What happens, then, is that the young man begins to doubt everything because he cannot have it as absolute truth. So the question changes a little bit from Is there a God? to How sure is it that there is a God? This very subtle change is a great stroke and represents a parting of the ways between science and religion. I do not believe a real scientist can ever believe in the same way again. Although there are scientists who believe in God, I do not believe that they think of God in the same way as religious people do. If they are consistent with their science, I think that they say something like this to themselves: I am almost certain there is a God. The doubt is very small. That is quite different from saying, I know that there is a God. I do not believe that a scientist can ever obtain that view – that really religious understanding, that real knowledge that there is a God – that absolute certainty which religious people have. Of course this process of doubt does not always start by attacking the question of the existence of God. Usually special tenets, such as the question of an afterlife, or details of the religious doctrine, such as details of Christs life, come under scrutiny first. It is more interesting, however, to go right into the central problem in a frank way, and to discuss the more extreme view which doubts the existence of God. Once the question has been removed from the absolute, and gets to sliding on the scale of uncertainty, it may end up in very different positions. In many cases it comes out very close to being certain. But on the other hand, for some, the net result of close scrutiny of the theory his father held of God may be the claim that it is almost certainly wrong. Belief in God – and the facts of science That brings us to the second difficulty our student has in trying to weld science and religion: Why does it often end up that the belief in God – at least, the God of the religious type – is considered to be very unreasonable, very unlikely? I think that the answer has to do with the scientific things – the facts or partial facts – that the man learns. For instance, the size of the universe is very impressive, with us on a tiny particle whirling around the sun, among a hundred thousand million suns in this galaxy, itself among a billion galaxies. Again, there is the close relation of biological man to the animals, and of one form of life to another. Man is a latecomer in a vast evolving drama; can the rest be but a scaffolding for his creation? Yet again, there are the atoms of which all appears to be constructed, following immutable laws. Nothing can escape it; the stars are made of the same stuff, and the animals are made of the same stuff, but in such complexity as to mysteriously appear alive – like man himself. It is a great adventure to contemplate the universe beyond man, to think of what it means without man – as it was for the great part of its long history, and as it is in the great majority of places. When this objective view is finally attained, and the mystery and majesty of matter are appreciated, to then turn the objective eye back on man viewed as matter, to see life as part of the universal mystery of greatest depth, is to sense an experience which is rarely described. It usually ends in laughter, delight in the futility of trying to understand. These scientific views end in awe and mystery, lost at the edge in uncertainty, but they appear to be so deep and so impressive that the theory that it is all arranged simply as a stage for God to watch mans struggle for good and evil seems to be inadequate. So let us suppose that this is the case of our particular student, and the conviction grows so that he believes that individual prayer, for example, is not heard. (I am not trying to disprove the reality of God; I am trying to give you some idea of – some sympathy for – the reasons why many come to think that prayer is meaningless. ) Of course, as a result of this doubt, the pattern of doubting is turned next to ethical problems, because, in the religion which he learned, moral problems were connected with the word of God, and if the God doesnt exist, what is his word? But rather surprisingly, I think, the moral problems ultimately come out relatively unscathed; at first perhaps the student may decide that a few little things were wrong, but he often reverses his opinion later, and ends with no fundamentally different moral view. There seems to be a kind of independence in these ideas. In the end, it is possible to doubt the divinity of Christ, and yet to believe firmly that it is a good thing to do unto your neighbor as you would have him do unto you. It is possible to have both these views at the same time; and I would say that I hope you will find that my atheistic scientific colleagues often carry themselves well in society. Communism and the scientific viewpoint I would like to remark, in passing, since the word atheism is so closely connected with communism, that the communist views are the antithesis of the scientific, in the sense that in communism the answers are given to all the questions – political questions as well as moral ones – without discussion and without doubt. The scientific viewpoint is the exact opposite of this; that is, all questions must be doubted and discussed; we must argue everything out – observe things, check them, and so change them. The democratic government is much closer to this idea, because there is discussion and a chance of modification. One doesnt launch the ship in a definite direction. It is true that if you have a tyranny of ideas, so that you know exactly what has to be true, you act very decisively, and it looks good – for a while. But soon the ship is heading in the wrong direction, and no one can modify the direction any more. So the uncertainties of life in a democracy are, I think, much more consistent with science. Although science makes some impact on many religious ideas, it does not affect the moral content. Religion has many aspects; it answers all kinds of questions. First, for example, it answers questions about what things are, where they come from, what man is, what God is – the properties of God, and so on. Let me call this the metaphysical aspect of religion. It also tells us another thing – how to behave. Leave out of this the idea of how to behave in certain ceremonies, and what rites to perform; I mean it tells us how to behave in life in general, in a moral way. It gives answers to moral questions; it gives a moral and ethical code. Let me call this the ethical aspect of religion. Now, we know that, even with moral values granted, human beings are very weak; they must be reminded of the moral values in order that they may be able to follow their consciences. It is not simply a matter of having a right conscience; it is also a question of maintaining strength to do what you know is right. And it is necessary that religion give strength and comfort and the inspiration to follow these moral views. This is the inspirational aspect of religion. It gives inspiration not only for moral conduct – it gives inspiration for the arts and for all kinds of great thoughts and actions as well. Interconnections These three aspects of religion are interconnected, and it is generally felt, in view of this close integration of ideas, that to attack one feature of the system is to attack the whole structure. The three aspects are connected more or less as follows: The moral aspect, the moral code, is the word of God – which involves us in a metaphysical question. Then the inspiration comes because one is working the will of God; one is for God; partly one feels that one is with God. And this is a great inspiration because it brings ones actions in contact with the universe at large. So these three things are very well interconnected. The difficulty is this: that science occasionally conflicts with the first of the three categories – the metaphysical aspect of religion. For instance, in the past there was an argument about whether the earth was the center of the universe – whether the earth moved around the sun or stayed still. The result of all this was a terrible strife and difficulty, but it was finally resolved – with religion retreating in this particular case. More recently there was a conflict over the question of whether man has animal ancestry. The result in many of these situations is a retreat of the religious metaphysical view, but nevertheless, there is no collapse of the religion. And further, there seems to be no appreciable or fundamental change in the moral view. After all, the earth moves around the sun – isnt it best to torn the other cheek? Does it make any difference whether the earth is standing still or moving around the son? We can expect conflict again. Science is developing and new things will be found out which will he in disagreement with the presentday metaphysical theory of certain religions. In fact, even with all the past retreats of religion, there is still real conflict for particular individuals when they learn about the science and they have heard about the religion. The thing has not been integrated very well; there are real conflicts here – and yet morals are not affected. As a matter of fact, the conflict is doubly difficult in this metaphysical region. Firstly, the facts may be in conflict, but even if the facts were not in conflict, the attitude is different. The spirit of uncertainty in science is an attitude toward the metaphysical questions that is quite different from the certainty and faith that is demanded in religion. There is definitely a conflict, I believe – both in fact and in spirit – over the metaphysical aspects of religion. In my opinion, it is not possible for religion to find a set of metaphysical ideas which will be guaranteed not to get into conflicts with an everadvancing and alwayschanging science which is going into an unknown. We dont know how to answer the questions; it is impossible to find an answer which someday will not be found to be wrong. The difficulty arises because science and religion are both trying to answer questions in the same realm here. Science and moral questions On the other hand, I dont believe that a real conflict with science will arise in the ethical aspect, because I believe that moral questions are outside of the scientific realm. Let me give three or four arguments to show why I believe this. In the first place, there have been conflicts in the past between the scientific and the religious view about the metaphysical aspect and, nevertheless, the older moral views did not collapse, did not change. Second, there are good men who practice Christian ethics and who do not believe in the divinity of Christ. They find themselves in no inconsistency here. Thirdly, although I believe that from time to time scientific evidence is found which may be partially interpreted as giving some evidence of some particular aspect of the life of Christ, for example, or of other religious metaphysical ideas, it seems to me that there is no scientific evidence bearing on the golden rule. It seems to me that that is somehow different. Now, lets see if I can make a little philosophical explanation as to why it is different – how science cannot affect the fundamental basis of morals. The typical human problem, and one whose answer religion aims to supply, is always of the following form: Should I do this? Should we do this? Should the government do this? To answer this question we can resolve it into two parts: First — If I do this, what will happen? – and second – Do I want that to happen? What would come of it of value – of good? Now a question of the form: If I do this, what will happen?is strictly scientific. As a matter of fact, science can be defined as a method for, and a body of information obtained by, trying to answer only questions which can be put into the form: If I do this, what will happen? The technique of it, fundamentally, is: Try it and see. Then you put together a large amount of information from such experiences. All scientists will agree that a question – any question, philosophical or other – which cannot be put into the form that can be tested by experiment (or, in simple terms, that cannot be put into the form: If I do this, what will happen?) is not a scientific question; it is outside the realm of science. I claim that whether you want something to happen or not – what value there is in the result, and how you judge the value of the result (which is the other end of the question: Should I do this? ) – must lie outside of science because it is not a question that you can answer only by knowing what happens; you still have to judge what happens – in a moral way. So, for this theoretical reason I think that there is a complete consistency between the moral view – or the ethical aspect of religion – and scientific information. Turning to the third aspect of religion – the inspirational aspect – brings me to the central question that I would like to present to this imaginary panel. The source of inspiration today – for strength and for comfort – in any religion is very closely knit with the metaphysical aspect; that is, the inspiration comes from working for God, for obeying his will, feeling one with God. Emotional ties to the moral code – based in this manner – begin to be severely weakened when doubt, even a small amount of doubt, is expressed as to the existence of God; so when the belief in God becomes uncertain, this particular method of obtaining inspiration fails. I dont know the answer to this central problem – the problem of maintaining the real value of religion, as a source of strength and of courage to most men, while, at the same time, not requiring an absolute faith in the metaphysical aspects. The heritages of Western civilization Western civilization, it seems to me, stands by two great heritages. One is the scientific spirit of adventure – the adventure into the unknown, an unknown which must be recognized as being unknown in order to be explored; the demand that the unanswerable mysteries of the universe remain unanswered; the attitude that all is uncertain; to summarize it – the humility of the intellect. The other great heritage is Christian ethics – the basis of action on love, the brotherhood of all men, the value of the individual – the humility of the spirit. These two heritages are logically, thoroughly consistent. But logic is not all; one needs ones heart to follow an idea. If people are going back to religion, what are they going back to? Is the modern church a place to give comfort to a man who doubts Godmore, one who disbelieves in God? Is the modern church a place to give comfort and encouragement to the value of such doubts? So far, have we not drawn strength and comfort to maintain the one or the other of these consistent heritages in a way which attacks the values of the other? Is this unavoidable? How can we draw inspiration to support these two pillars of western civilization so that they may stand together in full vigor, mutually unafraid? Is this not the central problem of our time? I put it up to the panel for discussion.